One of the things necessary for the provision of "public goods" that help ensure a decent quality of life for a country's citizens is the efficiency and effectiveness of government, a report from the Berggruen Institute finds. The 2019 Berggruen Governance Index evaluated thirty-eight countries (representing about two-thirds of the global population and three-quarters of global GDP) based on three indices — quality of democracy (inputs), as measured by citizens' ability to monitor their government and engage in political life; quality of government (throughputs), as defined by levels of corruption and judicial impartiality, as well as a government's capacity to collect taxes, recruit civil servants, coordinate across agencies, and regulate businesses; and quality of life (outputs), in terms of government provision of "public goods" in the areas of education, health, the environment, the economy, and criminal and civil justice. According to the report, while democratic, economically advanced countries tend to score higher than authoritarian, developing countries, poor governance can undermine the advantages of high-quality democracy and can be compensated for by economic growth and an abundance of natural resources only to a limited extent. Based on 2004-18 data, the index found that Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland perform equally well across all three indices, while the United States ranked tenth on quality of democracy, eleventh on quality of government, and twelfth on quality of life. At the lower end of the index, quality-of-life scores in China, Kazakhstan, and the Russian Federation were higher than their democracy and government scores would predict, while in Brazil, Colombia, Italy, and Vietnam quality-of-life scores were lower than their democracy and government scores would suggest. The 2019 Index also includes supplementary case studies of Brazil, China, Italy, South Africa, and the United States.