LGBTQ individuals, especially those of color and those who are poor, are arrested and incarcerated at higher rates than the general population and, once in prison, are subjected to constant violence by both prison staff and other prisoners, a report from Black & Pink finds. Based on a survey of more than eleven hundred LGBTQ prisoners in the United States, Coming Out of Concrete Closets: A Report on Black & Pink’s National LGBTQ Prisoner Survey (68 pages, PDF) found that nearly 20 percent of the survey respondents were homeless or transient before they were incarcerated; 39 percent had traded sex for survival; and 58 percent had first been arrested as juveniles. The survey also found that 70 percent of LGBTQ prisoners reported experiencing emotional pain as a result of hiding their sexuality during their interactions with the criminal justice system, and that 44 percent of transgender, non-binary gender, and "two-spirit" respondents reported being denied access to requested hormone treatments. LGBTQ prisoners also were six times as likely to be sexually assaulted in prison than the general prison population. Funded by the van Ameringen Foundation, the Hutchins Center for African and African American Research at Harvard University, and the Horizons Foundation, among others, the report calls for reforms with respect to the LGBTQ population in policing, court practices and sentencing policies, and prison conditions.